What is a failure code? Quite simply, it is a code that illustrates why an asset failed or the reason that the asset failed. Codes can be a number which is cross referenced to a list of actual code descriptions or more conveniently a series of alphanumeric characters that are a logical abbreviation of their descriptions. However, with modern database technology and available disk space, the full descriptions are increasingly being used instead of alphanumeric codes.
Where are they used? They are generally used in maintenance systems or more commonly computerized maintenance management systems. They can be used on a work order for an asset or equipment failure. The codes are normally input by the person reporting the problem at the time of failure or by the technician when closing the work order.
Why are they used? Failure codes provide a convenient method of getting statistics about equipment failures or breakdowns. CMMS systems will generally have a reporting function that allows reports to be run on specific failure codes for your equipment. Let's say that you have a machine, which has problems with alignment. You could run a report for a period of time and, by selecting a failure code, determine how many times your machine has had misalignment problems. These statistics are invaluable in any continuous improvement program.
The complexity of the codes will be dependent on the know-how of the system users. For example, if unskilled operators are using the codes to report equipment problems they will have to be of a general nature. Conversely, if trained technical people are the users then the codes can be more complex. For this reason some companies prefer to use both failure codes and problem codes. Problem codes are more a list of symptoms than causes. These would typically be used by operators with the technicians entering the additional failure code after the work was completed.
How are they Formed? Whatever method you chose, your operators and maintenance personnel will soon become familiar with your own codes providing that the list is limited to a manageable number. I firmly believe that there is no need to have more than perhaps 20 or 30 codes and that these need only be of a general nature. For example, if you use your CMMS to report on occurrences of "Misalignment" on a particular piece of equipment those who are familiar with the equipment will know where the misalignment was likely to have occurred, making more specific information unnecessary. Problems will occur when users selecting a code are presented with a drop down list with 50 or 100 codes on it and choosing one becomes difficult. In this case you will find the catch-all "other" being selected too regularly.
If your CMMS supports a hierarchical failure code structure or where codes can be associated to areas or equipment so much the better. In this case you will require more of them simply because they are equipment specific but there may be only 5 or 10 codes for each type of equipment. Functionally this is not a problem because after selecting an asset in the CMMS, users will still only have to choose from the limited number of failure codes associated with that asset.
I have deliberately limited the codes in the illustration below to four characters in an attempt to show that this can provide a good indication of the full description. To prove the effectiveness of this have a look at all the codes and descriptions just once then cover up the descriptions and you will find that you are able to remember most of them. After they have been in use for a week or two you will memorize them all effortlessly.
Alphabetic list of typical Four-Character Codes and Suggested Abbreviations
No CODE DESCRIPTION
1 ARLK Air Leak
2 ALRM Alarm or Problem Indicator
3 BRNG Bearing Problem
4 CALB Calibration Problem
5 DIRT Dirt or Foreign Matter Problem
6 ADJS Equipment Adjustment Required
7 CUTO Equipment Cutting Out
8 JAMD Equipment Jammed
9 HUNG Equipment PC or Microprocessor Hung Up
10 XLUB Excessive Lubrication
11 NOIS Excessive Noise
12 VIBR Excessive Vibration
13 LLUB Lack of Lubrication
14 WIRE Loose or Broken Connection or Wire
15 ALIN Misalignment
16 NAIR No Air
17 NPWR No Power
18 OLLK Oil Leak
19 OPER Operator Error
20 XHOT Overheating or Smoking
21 BROK Part of Equipment is Physically Broken
22 SHRT Short Circuit
23 VNDL Vandalism
24 WTLK Water Leak
25 NOGO Will Not Start
The above codes are of a very general nature and some of them may be considered to be more like problem codes than failure codes but you will find that almost all your failures can be linked to one of them. It is also recognized that you will have local requirements that may mean adding a few more of your own. If this is the case you may also find that you can drop some of those provided if they are inapplicable.
Additional functionality can be added to the codes to suit your own site. For example a number 1, 2 or 3 could be added to indicate priority or seriousness of the failure. A problem with excessive vibration could then become 1VIBR, 2VIBR or 3VIBR dependent on the reporter's perception of the seriousness of the problem. Alternatively (or additionally), you could add a letter A, B or C to represent the shift when the problem occurred.
In conclusion, the methods outlined in this document are those recommended by the writer. We do recognize that here are other ways of doing things and we are always interested to here about these.
